Europe:
1. What was the impact of European population growth on industry?
The population growth provided giant reservoir of workers for emerging industries.
2. What were the results of the first organization of workers?
They were successful in demanding higher wagers and shorter working day.
3. Why did industry reach the Netherlands so relatively late?
The country had few natural resources and covered in waterways, making factory and railway construction difficult.
Belgium
4. How did Napoleon impact the development of industry in Belgium?
He conquered the country and abolished old guilds and introduced free trade, opening up industries.
5. Which industries developed in Belgium? Why did those develop?
Coal and steel (large natural supply and used for building and fuel), textile (Britain installed spinning machines in the country), canal and railway building (because of British investments and high demand for goods by less developed neighbors), soda (to make glass, soap, and chemicals.)
6. How did infrastructure in Belgium improve?
Canal and railway building boom in 1840s.
France
7. What characteristics in France discouraged industrial innovation?
France did not possess as large and accessible coal or iron ore like Great Britain or Belgium. French agriculture was prosperous and prevented the need for industry for a longer time.
8. How did French social structures dictate which industries developed?
Farmers and peasants were freed from taxes and debts in 1789, so they remained being farmers and peasants. The aristocracy were the ones who created some industry, and they molded them on their wishes. So, material goods such as furniture and porcelain, leather goods and silk, and clocks were the first things that developed.
9. Which industries developed in France late? Why did it happen late?
Canal and road building, coal, and iron. The 1789 revolution abolished old guild restrictions and internal tariffs. Currency was stabilized and Bank of France was created created.
Germany
10. Why did industrial development occur late in Germany?
It had been divided into many small states and traditional guild privileges limited industrialization.
11. What was the impact of the German Customs Union?
It abolished trade barriers between German states, allowing free market competition to promote industrialization. 12. In which industries did Germany become the leader in Europe?
Railways, chemical and electrical engineering.
Great Britain
13. Which other industries developed because of the steam engine?
(no more questions for Britain, that part's all in the book.)
Cotton textile, railway, water travel (steamships, canals)
Luxembourg
14. How did Luxembourg benefit from German industrialization?
Its economy benefited from the German Customs Union. Coke for blast furnaces came from Germany, so it depended on German's success in iron and steel work to prosper itself.
15. Why were they so successful at producing iron?
The steam engine and blast furnace arrived from Belgium, causing an iron boom. There were also rich deposits in South Luxembourg and Lorraine.
Netherlands
16. Was the Netherlands' economic success before industrialization
something that helped industry develop or slowed development? Why?
Slowed its development because Netherlands already had sophisticated technologies of hydraulic engineering such as the use of windmills. So, new British technologies spread slowly to the Dutch.
17. Which industries did develop in the Netherlands?
Industries that processed agrarian goods: distilleries, breweries, oil processing.
Norway
18. What were the earliest industries in Norway?
Small soap, brick, glass, iron, and beer industries.
19. How did water power development change Norway's economy?
Norway had greatest potential for water potential, and soon used osmosis to mix fresh and salt water to create energy. This soon led to mass production of carbide, zinc, tin, steel, ferrosilicon, and fertilizer in industries now that energy was cheap and abundant.
Spain
20. What kinds of mining industries were successful in Spain?
Iron mining in the Basque Country, coal mining in Asturias, cinnabar mines (mercury) in Almaden, copper mines, lead mines, gold, silver, sulfur in Andalusia, huge silver mining in Murcia
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